Machine Learning Based Assessment of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite great efforts from both clinical and pathological sides to address the extent of metastatic inguinal lymph node involvement in patients with vulvar cancer, current research attempts are still mostly aimed at identifying new imaging parameters or superior tissue diagnostic workflows rather than alternative ways of statistical data analysis. In the present study, we therefore establish a supervised machine learning algorithm to predict groin metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (VSCC) based on classical histomorphological features. Methods: In total, 157 patients with VSCC were included in this retrospective study. After initial exploration of valuable clinicopathological predictor variables by means of Spearman correlation, a decision tree was trained and internally validated (5-fold cross-validation) using a training data set (n = 126) and afterwards externally validated employing a holdout validation data set (n = 31) using standard metrices such sensitivity, positive predictive value, and AUROC curve. Results: Our established classifier can predict inguinal lymph node status with an internal accuracy of 79.4% (AUROC value = 0.64). Reaching similar performances and an overall accuracy of 83.9% on an unknown data input (external validation set), our classifier demonstrates robustness. Conclusions: The presented results suggest that machine learning can predict groin lymph node status in VSCC based on histological findings of the primary tumor. Such research attempts may be useful in the future for an additional assessment of inguinal lymph nodes, aiming to maximize oncological safety when targeting the most accurate diagnosis of lymph node involvement.